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1854
 
    
Pope Pius IX issues a papal bull declaring that the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary is to be an article of faith for Catholics       
1857
 
Place or Object  
The old Cromwell House is demolished and a new one, designed by Robert Philip Pope, is completed by June 1858 See in Google maps   
Old Cromwell House, Mortlake

1864
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld    
Pope Pius IX includes socialism, civil marriage and secular education among eighty modern errors listed in his Syllabus      
1870
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Pope Pius IX, rapidly losing temporal authority, declares a new dogma – that the pope, when speaking from the throne, is infallible on matters of faith or morals       
Pius IX declares papal infallibility, wood engraving 1870
Mary Evans Picture Library

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1870
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
As the result of a plebiscite, Rome and the remaining papal states are included in the kingdom of Italy       
1903
 
   
Giuseppe Sarto is elected pope and takes the name Pius X      
1914
 
   
Giacomo della Chiesa is elected pope and takes the name Benedict XV      
1922
 
   
Ambrogio Ratti is elected pope and takes the name Pius XI      
1937
 
    
Pope Pius XI issues an encyclical, Mit Brennender Sorge, condemning the Nazi ideology of racism       
1939
 
   
Eugenio Pacelli is elected pope and takes the name Pius XII